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The Role Of Pressure Groups

T here are difficulties in defining the many types of pressure groups. For example, political parties are sometimes included. However, a common definition excludes political parties, concentrating on those groups wishing to influence government policies and activities, whilst remaining apart from government. There are two types of pressure groups: 1.  sectional; and 2.  promotional. Sectional Lobby Groups This includes self-interest groups such as: trade unions; business and farming associations; churches; ethnic associations; pensioner groups; and returned service personnel. Promotional Lobby Groups This category promotes particular causes, beliefs or values such as: conservation; women’s issues; Aboriginal; civil; or moral rights. Both types of lobby groups can overlap, since an organisation established on a sectional basis can also promote issues based on particular causes, beliefs or values. For example, the Returned Services League was establishe...
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Theories of International Relations: An Introduction to Realism, Liberalism and Idealism

A  theory of international relations  is a set of ideas that explains how the international system works. Unlike an ideology, a theory of international relations is (at least in principle) backed up with concrete evidence. The two major theories of international relations are realism and liberalism. National Interest Most theories of international relations are based on the idea that states always act in accordance with their  national interest, or the interests of that particular state. State interests often include self-preservation, military security, economic prosperity, and influence over other states. Sometimes two or more states have the same national interest. For example, two states might both want to foster peace and economic trade. And states with diametrically opposing national interests might try to resolve their differences through negotiation or even war. Realism According to  realism,  states work only to increase their own...
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Types Of Societies

Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists (experts who study early and tribal cultures) usually refer to six basic types of societies, each defined by its level of technology. 1. Hunting and gathering societies The members of hunting and gathering societies primarily survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants. The vast majority of these societies existed in the past, with only a few (perhaps a million people total) living today on the verge of extinction. To survive, early human societies completely depended upon their immediate environment. When the animals left the area, the plants died, or the rivers dried up, the society had to relocate to an area where resources were plentiful. Consequently, hunting and gathering societies, which were typically small, were quite mobile. In some cases, where resources in a locale were extraordinarily plentiful, small villages might form. But most h...
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